12V Air Conditioners: Battery Powered for Off-The-Grid Vanlife

12V Air Conditioners: Battery Powered for Off-The-Grid Vanlife

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12V "battery powered" air conditioners for off-the-grid usage are starting to hit the market. Manufacturers like Nomadic Cooling Co. and Dometic claim those 12V A/C units can be 70% more efficient than traditional 120V A/C rooftop units and are, therefore, suited for vanlife. In the following guide, we will compare 120V VS 12V air conditioning and define an electrical system that can support it and provide an acceptable autonomy. Keep cool and carry on!

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1- 120V VS 12V Air Conditioner

1.1- What's The Difference?

120V or 12V, the cooling cycle of a heat pump (air conditioner or refrigerator) remains the same. The main difference on a 12V air conditioner is that it uses a highly-efficient compressor designed to work on 12V DC current. On a 120V air conditioner, the current coming from the battery bank must be converted from 12V DC to 120V AC and there is always an energy loss of about 10-15% associated with that conversion.

This might remind you of 12V vs 120V refrigerator (faroutride.com/fridge-guide)! In both cases, it’s the 12V compressor that makes it so efficient.

1.2- Efficiency

Nomadic Cooling Co. claims their 12V “battery powered” air conditioners are 70% more efficient than traditional 120V air conditioners. Unfortunately, we’re not in a position to verify this claim as it would require testing both 12V and 120V units on our van in real-world situations. So let’s take a look at the maximum current specification for both units:

Nomadic Cooling Co.
2000 | 9,830 BTU

75 amps

max current at battery bank (12V)
Dometic Penguin II
11,000 BTU ("High-Efficiency" model)

~175 amps

max current at battery bank (12V)

That gap doesn’t prove that the Nomadic Cooling Co. is more efficient as the Dometic – being more powerful – might run less often (shorter duty cycle). However, it’s a good indication that the 12V unit is more suited for off-the-grid usage…

1.3- Cost

Nomadic Cooling Co.
2000 | 9,830 BTU

$3,300

USD Approx.
Dometic Penguin II
11,000 BTU ("High-Efficiency" model)

$1,275

USD Approx.

Well, that’s a massive price gap. So what can possibly justify the purchase of a 12V unit when it’s about 3x the price? See our decision tree below…

1.4- Decision (120V vs 12V)

Off-The-Grid

Arrow-down-left
12V Air Conditioner
(Battery Powered)

Shore Power

Arrow-down
120V Air Conditioner
(Serviced Campgrounds/Generator)

If you really want off-the-grid air conditioning, 120V is just not an option. Don’t get us wrong: you can actually make a 120V A/C run from the battery bank, but you’ll have a few minutes/hours of autonomy at best (even going with, let’s say, 600Ah of Lithium batteries. That’s over $6,000 in batteries alone). Not convinced? Here is a question we got recently (and we get similar questions occasionally):

Hello. I have a Victron 3000w multiplus inverter/charger and a Dometic brisk 2 on the roof […], and after I connected the Victron it drained the batteries quickly with only brief use of the ac fan and a couple of minutes of actual ac. Do you have any feedback?

Our feedback is: there’s probably no issue at all with your setup, except that, unfortunately, you had the wrong expectations about air conditioning… The solution here is to use your AC on shore power only or to upgrade your electrical system (battery bank most notably) and your AC for a 12V unit. We’ll show how below.

2- Buying a 12V Air Conditioner

We’d personally go for the Nomadic Cooling Co. 2000 modelย because it’s easy to install (it fits a standard 14 x 14 Maxxfan fan cutout) and it’s easy to wire. (The Nomadic 3000 model is more powerful, but power consumption is quite high for off-the-grid usage):

Nomadic Cooling Co. 12V Air Conditioner
2000 | 9,830 BTU

UPDATE: Dometic recently released a 12V air conditioner, the Dometic RTX2000. You get less BTU than the Nomadic, however it draws less power and  it’s also around $2K cheaper, so it’s definitely an option to consider…

Note that the recommended roof cutout dimension is 15.3in x 18.9in, which is larger than a standard roof fan cutout (14x14in). That being said, some people were able to make it works with a 14.5in x 14in cutout as shown in this video.2

Dometic RTX2000 12V Air Conditioner
6,800 BTU

3- Electrical System

3.1- Wiring Diagram & Items List

Download our “High-Power” wiring diagram (faroutride.com/wiring-diagram), use the addendum (image) below to wire the 12V air conditioner and make sure to use a 400A fuse with 4/0 AWG cable (“MAIN”) as annotated below:

12V-Air-Conditioner-Van-(Sprinter,-Transit,-ProMaster)-Wiring-Diagram-Nomadic-2000
Addendum for High-power wiring diagram. Download the diagram here: faroutride.com/wiring-diagram

A few clarifications:

  • Use the dropdown menus and input all the wire length, in order to get all the correct wire gauge  (e.g. youtu.be/9MEGls0qLZY)
  • Because the air conditioner increases power demand on the electrical system, we’d recommend selecting a 2000W inverter/charger. It’s possible to go with a 3000W inverter/charger, but be aware that this might overload the system during peak power (e.g. when the inverter and the air conditioner are both running simultaneously at max power).
  • NOMADIC 2000: The 12V air conditioner is connected to the bus bars via a 100A breaker. The correct wire gauge varies with the length and can be determined with this calculator: WIRE GAUGE CALCULATOR. Or simply put, 1 AWG gauge will work for any length under 30 feet total (15 feet red + 15 feet black).
  • Dometic RTX2000: The 12V air conditioner is connected to the bus bars via a 80A breaker. 24ft of electrical harness is included with the RTX2000.

Items List

12V Air Conditioner
#ItemDescriptionQuantityView on Amazon
112V Air ConditionerNomadic Cooling Co (X2 | 8,188 BTU)1View
2100A Breaker/Switch, Surface MountBlue Sea 285-Series1View
31 AWG Cable 15 feet Red + 15 feet BlackConnect to breaker and bus bar1View
4Lugs, 1 AWG Cable, 1/4″ RingConnect to breaker (Pack of 2)1View
5Lugs, 1 AWG Cable, 3/8″ RingConnect to bus bar (Pack of 2)1View
MAIN
1Class T Fuse, 400ABlue Sea (Catastrophic Fail Safe)1View
2Class T Fuse BlockBlue Sea (Holds the Class T Fuse)1View
3System SwitchBlue Sea (Main System Switch)1View
4Bus Bar (600A, 4 studs)Blue Sea2View
5Cover for Bus Bar (for 600A 4 studs)Protect the Bus Bar2View
640A Breaker/Switch, Surface MountBetween Fuse Block and Bus Bar1View
7Fuse Block (12 circuits)Blue Sea (12V Distribution Panel)1View
8Fuses KitAssorted Fuses (2A 3A 5A 7.5A 10A 15A 20A 25A 30A 35A)1View
9Battery MonitorVictron BMV-712 with BlueTooth1View
10Cable, 4/0 AWG, 5 ft RedBetween battery and Bus Bar1View
11Cable, 4/0 AWG, 15 ft BlackBetween battery and Bus Bar + Ground1View
13Lugs, 4/0 AWG Cable, 5/16″ RingConnect to Bus Bar, Terminal Fuse Block and Battery (Pack of 2)1View
12Lugs, 4/0 AWG Cable, 3/8″ RingConnect to System Switch and Shunt (Pack of 10)1View
14Cable, 8 AWG, 5 ft Black + 5 ft RedBetween Bus Bar and Fuse Block1View
15Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 8 AWG Cable, #10 RingConnect to Fuse Block (Pack of 3)1View
16Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 8 AWG Cable, 1/4″ RingConnect to Breaker (Pack of 3)1View
17Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 8 AWG Cable, 3/8″ RingConnect to Bus Bar (Pack of 3)1View
Battery
1LiFePO4 400 AhBattle Born LiFePO4 100 Ah 12V6View
24/0 AWG Cable in 5/16″ lugs, 1 feet Red + 1 feet BlackSpartan Power5View
Solar
1350W SolarNewPowa 175W Mono Panel2View
2Extension Cables, 8 AWG, 15 ft Red + 15 ft BlackWith MC4 Connectors1View
3Double Cable Entry GlandFor 8 AWG or 10 AWG Cable1View
440A Breaker/Switch, Surface MountBetween Panels and MPPT Charger1View
5MPPT Solar ChargerVictron 100|30 SmartSolar MPPT1View
640A Breaker/Switch, Surface MountBetween MPPT Charger & Battery1View
8Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 8 AWG Cable, 1/4″ RingConnect to Breakers (Pack of 3)2View
7Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 8 AWG Cable, 3/8″ RingConnect to Bus Bar (Pack of 3)1View
Alternator
160A Battery-to-Battery Charger (B2B)Sterling Power BB12601View
2100A Breaker/Switch, Surface MountBlue Sea 285-Series2View
3Cable, 4 AWG, 15ft RedWindyNation1View
4Cable, 4 AWG, 5 ft BlackWindyNation1View
6Lugs, 4 AWG Cable, 1/4″ RingConnect to Breakers (Pack of 10)1View
5Lugs, 4 AWG Cable, 3/8″ RingConnect to Bus Bar (Pack of 2)1View
Inverter/Charger
12000W Inverter/ChargerVictron Multiplus 12|2000|1201View
2Remote Control for InverterVictron Digital Multi Control 200/200A GX1View
3Class T Fuse, 300ABlue Sea (To protect inverter’s cable)1View
4Class T Fuse BlockBlue Sea (Holds the Class T Fuse)1View
5Cable, 2/0 AWG, 5 ft Black + 5 ft RedBetween Inverter/Charger & Bus Barsย View
6Lugs, 2/0 AWG Cable, 5/16″ RingConnect to Inverter/Charger (Pack of 5)1View
7Lugs, 2/0 AWG Cable, 3/8″ RingConnect to Bus Bar (Pack of 5)1View
830A Shore InletFurrion 30A Marine Power Smart Inlet1View
930A AC MainBreaker Between Power Inlet and Inverter/Charger1View
1110/3 AWG Triplex AC Marine WireBetween power inlet & inverter/charger1View
12Lugs, 10 AWG Cable, #8Connect to AC Main (Pack of 3)1View
13Lugs, 10 AWG Cable, #10Connect to AC Main (Pack of 3)2View
14120V AC Distribution Panel (4 Positions*)Blue Sea Panel: AC Main + 4 Positions*1View
156/3 AWG Triplex AC Marine WireBetween inverter/charger & AC distribution panel1View
16Lugs, 6 AWG Cable, #10Connect to distribution panel (Pack of 10)1View
17120V AC Wall OutletGFCI, 20A1View
1814/3 AWG Triplex AC Marine WireTo wire load that requires 15A or 10A breaker1View
19Lugs, 14 AWG Cable, #8Connect to distribution panel (Pack of 3)1View
20Lugs, 14 AWG Cable, #10Connect to distribution panel (Pack of 3)1View

Optional Items

150A Breaker (Double-Pole)To upgrade 120V AC distribution panel to 50A instead of 30Aย View
220A BreakerFor load that requires 20A breaker (e.g. A/C)ย View
310A BreakerFor load that requires 10A breakerย View
4120V AC Distribution Panel (6 Positions*)*6 Positions panel is sometimes cheaper, check it!ย View
512/3 AWG Triplex AC Marine WireTo wire load that requires 20A breaker (e.g. A/C)ย View
6Lugs, 12 AWG Cable, #8Connect to AC Main (Pack of 3)1View
7Lugs, 12 AWG Cable, #10Connect to AC Main (Pack of 3)1View
Hardware
18 AWG Black/Red Duplex Cable (8/2), Ancor Marine Grade100 feet1View
210 AWG Black/Red Duplex Cable (10/2), Ancor Marine Grade100 feet1View
312 AWG Black/Red Duplex Cable (12/2), Ancor Marine Grade100 feet1View
414 AWG Black/Red Duplex Cable (14/2), Ancor Marine Grade100 feet1View
516 AWG Black/Red Duplex Cable (16/2), Ancor Marine Grade100 feet1View
6Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 8 AWG Cable, #10 RingTo connect to Fuse Block (25 Pack)1View
7Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 10-12 AWG Cable, #8 RingTo connect to Fuse Block (25 Pack)1View
8Heat Shrink Terminal Ring, 14-16 AWG Cable, #8 RingTo connect to Fuse Block (25 Pack)1View
9Heat Shrink Butt Connector, Ancor MarineTo connect to Loads (75 Pack Kit)1View
10Heat Shrink Disconnect, 10-12 AWG Cable, 1/4″ Tab, Female
To connect to certain loads (i.e. 12V Sockets) , to make “removable” connections (i.e. Fridge, LEDs) and to connect cable of different gauge together (i.e. LED Dimmer) (25 Pack)
1View
11Heat Shrink Disconnect, 10-12 AWG Cable, 1/4″ Tab, Male1View
12Heat Shrink Disconnect, 14-16 AWG Cable, 1/4″ Tab, Female1View
13Heat Shrink Disconnect, 14-16 AWG Cable, 1/4″ Tab, Male1View
14Heat Shrink Disconnect, 18-22 AWG Cable, 1/4″ Tab, Male1View
153M Scotchlok Quick Splice with Gel (14 AWG stranded)We used that to parallel our LED lights (25 Pack)1View
16Heat Shrink Tubing Kit (with adhesive)To protect lug after crimping1View
17Split Loom Tubing, 3/8″ diameter 25 feetTo protect wire bundles1View
18Split Loom Tubing, 1/2″ diameter 25 feetTo protect wire bundles1View
19Split Loom Tubing, 3/4″ diameter 10 feetTo protect wire bundles1View
20Nylon Cable Clamps KitTo secure cable/split-loom to wood1View
21Zip Tie Mount with AdhesiveTo secure cable/split-loom to metal1View
22Nylon Zip Ties KitTo secure cable/split-loom1View
23Rubber Grommet KitTo protect wire from sharp edge (going through metal hole)1View

3.2- Customize Your Own Wiring Diagram & Items List

You can use our Van Electrical Calculator (faroutride.com/calc) to customize your own system. We’d recommend sticking with a 2000W inverter/charger (you can force the calculator to do so by switching to “manual” mode). For the Nomadic Air Conditioner, use 25Ah current (that’s the average current draw, per manufacturer claim) and something like 8 hours for daily usage. For example:

Image extracted from faroutride.com/calc

In the calculator, scroll down to retrieve your entire items list. Make sure to download the High-Power version of our wiring diagramย (and use the addendum of the section 3.1 above the connect the air conditioner).

3.3- Managing Expectations

We have to accept how energy-hungry air conditioning is… To make it workย off-the-grid, we need to invest in highly-efficient 12V air conditioner but ALSO on a large battery bank. That’s quite a financial commitment.

But yeah, it can be done.

That doesn’t mean you’ll be able to maintain the interior of your van at 68F 24/7 when it’s 95F outside though…

Reasonable expectations, for example, would be more like using the A/C to lower the temperature/humidity just a few degreesย as it can makes the difference between a good night of sleep VS no sleep.

And keep in mind the calculations above do NOT include induction cooking, which is another energy-hungry appliance. “All-electric” builds are very appealing, but keep it real!

Bottom word: manage your expectations and remember that HOW YOU USE IT will have a tremendous impact on your autonomy.

3.4- Variables affecting Energy Consumption

A cooling machine (such as a fridge or an air conditioner) does not constantly work. It cycles between ON and OFF to regulate the temperature. This is called the DUTY CYCLE:

Duty Cycle (%) = (ON duration / Total duration) x 100

For example, if the air conditioner is ON for 1 minute then OFF for 3 minutes, the duty cycle is 25% (1 minute ON per every 4 minutes).

It’s very important to realize that the energy consumption will vary greatly fromย day to day. Indeed, there are many variables that affect how hard the air conditioner has to work (duty cycle) to maintain a certain temperature:

Installation

Always read the manual and make sure you meet the requirements. For example, a fridge evacuates the heat through its coils in the back. If the fridge is installed in a cabinet without any ventilation, the heat pumped out of the fridge has nowhere to go and the coils won’t be able to do their job.

Maintenance

A heat pump evacuates heat through its coils; if these coils are full of dust, efficiency is greatly reduced and energy consumption increases. Follow the maintenance schedule prescribed by the owner’s manual!

Outside Temperature

The ambient temperature outside has a massive impact on energy consumption. To make an analogy with our fridge, we observed that the duty cycle can get as low as 10% in winter and goes as high as 75% on a very hot summer day. Huge difference!

Inside Temperature

Trying to maintain the interior of the van at a very low temperature will obviously consume way more energy than at a moderate temperature.

Volume

Size matters! It takes much less energy to cool a fridge (~5.8 cu. ft.) compared to a small van (~250 cu. ft.) or a larger van (~500 cu. ft.)

Insulation

Compared to a fridge, a van is poorly insulated and the heat transfer rate is way higher. That’s especially true for the windows, so investing in goodย insulated window coversย is a must.

Sun Exposition

Parking directly under the sun is good for solar charging, but quite bad for heat; especially for dark colored vehicles…

Opening the doors

It’s normal having to enter/exit the van in our daily life. But each time, a lot of heat is transferred and the A/C has to work harder to compensate.

4- Installation

The Nomadic Cooling Co. air conditioner fits into a “traditional” 14″x14″ cutout; that’s the same cutout as for a Maxxfan roof fan (see our installation guide). We personally didn’t install an A/C on our van because we’re lucky enough to have the flexibility to follow the seasons (in other words: drive north in summer!). That being said, here is some info to get you started:

4.1- Air Conditioner Adapter

To create a perfect seal and prevent water infiltration, the air conditioner needs to be installed on a perfectly flat surface. The roof of most common vans (Transit, Sprinter, ProMaster, etc) have corrugations on them, but the use of an Air Conditioner Adapter Kit that’s model-specific (Transit, Sprinter, ProMaster) will solve that issue:

The roof adapter (gasket) creates a perfectly flat surface:

Air Conditioner Adapter Gasket (Transit, Sprinter, ProMaster)

The kit includes framing strips to increase support for the extra weight of the A/C:

Air Conditioner Adapter Framing Strips (Transit, Sprinter, ProMaster)

The framing strips are installed inside the van if there is 18″ or more spacing between the beams:

Framing-Strips-for-Roof-Fan-installation-(Van-Conversion)
Air Conditioner Adapter Kit
Select the appropriate variant for your usage (e.g. "AC adapter for Nomadic")

4.2- Resources

Check out Nomadic Cooling Co.’s blog for more information on installation:

Nomadic Cooling Blog

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31 thoughts on “12V Air Conditioners: Battery Powered for Off-The-Grid Vanlife”

  1. Pourquoi avoir opte cette fois pour une climatisation 12V? Est-ce que 2 fan ne faisait pas l’affaire assez pour etre confortable la plupart du temps? Combien de jour par annee pensez-vous l’utilisez? Et finalement pour gerer l’humidite l’hiver, une seule fan suffira?
    Merci d’avance

    Reply
  2. What do I need to run a 12v refrigerator in my van at all times? Without solar. Would a dc to dc charger be enough to charge house batteries if I only drive the van about 30 minutes a week? What else can I do?

    Reply
  3. Oh, I see ACs are mentioned, but consider adding the rear door mount option (cheaper, more efficient, allows more room for solar panels, no wind drag, quieter). But if glass is on both rear doors, then a mini split may be best.

    Reply
  4. You have survived for 3 years without an air conditioner. Is a roof fan enough when you can open all the doors at night with the screens on. Would one have both the fan and the air conditioner?

    Reply
  5. Thank yall so much for all the amazing info on your site! Re: the above, why is it recommended to up from 2/0 AWG to 4/0 AWG on a 400Ah battery bank when installing a 12V AC such as the Dometic RTX 2000?

    Reply
  6. Are there any 12v A/C units that exchange air with the exterior, thus saving us from buying am additional ceiling fan?

    Reply
  7. The new Nomadic X3 AC unit takes the best of their 1000 and 2000 units and makes it even better. 11,830 BTUs, lighter weight overall, same 14×14″ standard opening and quiet brushless motor. It’s available in 12V, 24V and soon 48V.

    Reply
    • Isabelle, Antoine,
      I deeply appreciate your engineer backgrounds – because you guys end up writing about the critical details that other sites gloss over.
      Have you guys thought about running a 24v/12v system in your new van – in order to support a 24v AC? The reduced amperage/gauges/increased efficiency seem attractive, as long as you can provide both 24v and 12v from the same battery bank. I’m trying to envision some diode setup that could make that happen, but not coming up with anything offhand.
      Also, any chance you could comment on per-btu efficiency for 120, 12, and 24?

      Reply
  8. i want to use a dometic 1000 on my tow teuck while driving, do i need to add batterys? or can inrun off my regular batteries

    Reply
  9. Are there any “all-in-one” Air Conditioning and Heating units that are easily usable in a van? I have not seen many options in my research (Dometic Penguin II?), certainly not any 12V options. Is both heating and air conditioning a rare thing in van life? Sorry if this is basic info, I am very new to all of this.
    Thanks!

    Reply
  10. Any reason you didn’t include the Coleman Mach 10 NDQ as an option? It’s cheaper than the others and apparently quieter according to some builders. Thanks

    Reply
  11. Might be a dumb question but I live in Texas where AC is an absolute must have… could you possibly run a 12v ac like the rtx200 with a Lithium battery bank of 300 ah and for extended periods of run time possibly charge the batteries via some smart charger or through the onboard invertor plugged into a generator…??? ie: charging the battery bank while using the battery bank to run the AC…

    I personally want a 12v set up so I can run it when I’m in a group area and not disturb others but would run the generator when on private property and no one around for miles and its 100 degrees at night…

    Theoretically it would work but I don’t know how the systems would like it!

    Reply
  12. I think it’s possible to overcome the dc/ac inversion inefficiency with a high efficiency mini-split setup. Are the EER ratings published on these 12v units?

    Reply
  13. Thank you for the links and recommendations. This beats buying a big or expensive generator needed only to run AC ac.

    Reply
  14. Still a 120 or 240 volt product, but I am trying to figure out a way to setup a mini split system. they are super quiet. The ‘loud’ part can go to the outside, if the inside can be mounted somehow. they are very inexpensive and probably great for shore power.

    Reply
  15. I’m working on installing a Nomadic Cooling 3000 AC unit in our van and am working up wire sizes. The “12V AC” option is not coming up at all on my high powered wiring diagram. Is that feature currently in the PDF file?

    Reply
  16. Thank you for this guide! I’m considering the Nomadic Cooling 2000 (it seems the 2000 is the one with 75A?), but also became curious about the Dometic CoolAir RTX 2000. I can’t find too much info on that one, do you have any insights on it?

    Reply
    • I’m not super familiar with the Dometic unit, but I can see that the roof opening for it is 18.9 in. x 15.3 in. I’d rather go with a “standard” 14x14in roof opening (Nomadic) and use the Adapter listed on the page. Easier!

      Reply
  17. Thank you for this guide! Do you have any thoughts or insights on the Dometic CoolAir 2000 RTX 12V? I was leaning towards the Nomadic 2000 but am now curious about the new CoolAir 2000.

    Reply
    • I noticed that the Nomadic 2000 runs at 60dBa and the Dometic CoolAir is rated at <70dBa. Not sure if that is significant enough on its own to choose one over the other but its another factor to consider.

      Reply

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